Table of contents
Preface vii CHAPTER 1: Structure of MatterLecture 1A Lecture 1B The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Forces of Nature and Fundamental Particles . . . . . . . 7Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11CHAPTER 2: Nuclear TransformationsLecture 2A Lecture 2B Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27CHAPTER 3: Production of X-RaysLecture 3A Lecture 3B X-Ray Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Physics of X-Ray Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41CHAPTER 4: Clinical Radiation GeneratorsLecture 4A Lecture 4B X-Ray and Electron Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Heavy Particle Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60CHAPTER 5: Interactions of Ionizing RadiationLecture 5A Lecture 5B Photon Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Particle Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76CHAPTER 6: Measurement of Ionizing RadiationLecture 6A Lecture 6B Measurement of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Chambers and Electrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92CHAPTER 7: Quality of X-Ray BeamsLecture 7 Beam Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specification and Measurement of X-Ray97Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102CHAPTER 8: Measurement of Absorbed DoseLecture 8A Lecture 8B Dosimetry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Dosimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119CHAPTER 9: Dose Distribution and Scatter AnalysisLecture 9 Depth Dose and Tissue-Air Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133CHAPTER 10: A System of Dosimetric CalculationsLecture 10 Formalism for Monitor Units Calculation . . . . . . . 139Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148CHAPTER 11: Distributions Treatment Planning I: IsodoseLecture 11 Isodose Distribution and Plan Evaluation . . . . . . . 153Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170CHAPTER 12: Corrections, and Setup Treatment Planning II: Patient Data,Lecture 12A Treatment Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lecture 12B: Inhomogeneities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patient Data Acquisition, Simulation, and175Corrections for Irregular Surface and Tissue183Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Contents xiCHAPTER 13: Skin Dose, and Field Separation Treatment Planning III: Field Shaping,Lecture 13 Field Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Shaping, Surface Dose, and195Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204CHAPTER 14: Electron Beam TherapyLecture 14A Lecture 14B Electron Beam Interactions and Dosimetry . . . . . 209Electron Beam Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . 220Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234CHAPTER 15: BrachytherapyLecture 15 Implantation and Dose Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Rules of239Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249CHAPTER 16: Radiation ProtectionLecture 16 Radiation Protection and Shielding Design . . . . . . 253Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261CHAPTER 17: Quality AssuranceLecture 17 Quality Assurance and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273CHAPTER 18: Total Body IrradiationLecture 18 and Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Body Irradiation: Techniques277Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282CHAPTER 19: Radiation Therapy Three-Dimensional ConformalLecture 19 Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3D Conformal Radiotherapy: Dosimetry and287Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295xii ContentsCHAPTER 20: Intensity-Modulated Radiation TherapyLecture 20 and Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMRT: Commissioning, Treatment Planning,299Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308CHAPTER 21: Stereotactic Radiation TherapyLecture 21 Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery . . . . . . 313Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320CHAPTER 22: High-Dose-Rate BrachytherapyLecture 22 Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Dosimetry and325Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330CHAPTER 23: Prostate ImplantsLecture 23 Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prostate Implants: Technique, Dosimetry, and335Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343CHAPTER 24: Intravascular BrachytherapyLecture 24 and Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intravascular Brachytherapy: Techniques347Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352CHAPTER 25: Image-Guided Radiation TherapyLecture 25 Tracking, and Imaging Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IGRT: On-Board Imagers, Online Tumor355Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364CHAPTER 26: Proton Beam TherapyLecture 26 Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proton Beam Therapy: Dosimetry and367Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Answers Index 383 379