- Development of Various Echocardiographic Technologies
- Recording Echocardiograms
- Cardiac Sonographers
- Echocardiographic Education and Organizations
- References
Chapter 2 Physics and Instrumentation
- Physical Principles
- Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissue
- The Transducer
- Manipulating the Ultrasound Beam
- Resolution
- Creating the Image
- Transmitting Ultrasound Energy
- Display Options
- Tradeoffs in Image Creation
- Signal Processing
- Tissue Harmonic Imaging
- Artifacts
- Doppler Echocardiography
- Biologic Effects of Ultrasound
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 3 Specialized Echocardiographic Techniques and Methods
- Imaging Devices and Methods
- Doppler Interrogation
- Doppler Tissue Imaging
- Speckle Tracking
- Tissue Characterization
- Acquisition of Cardiac Ultrasound Information
- The Digital Echo Laboratory
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 4 Contrast Echocardiography
- Source of Ultrasound Contrast
- Contrast Agents
- Clinical Use
- Ultrasound Interaction with Contrast Agents
- Detection Methods
- Contrast Artifacts
- Detection and Utilization of Intracavitary Contrast
- Detection of Miscellaneous Conditions
- Myocardial Perfusion Contrast Echocardiography
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 The Echocardiographic Examination
- Selecting the Transducers
- Patient Position
- Placement of the Transducer
- An Approach to the Transthoracic Examination
- Parasternal Long-Axis Views
- Parasternal Short-Axis Views
- Apical Views
- The Subcostal Examination
- Suprasternal Views
- Orientation of Two-Dimensional Images
- Echocardiographic Measurements
- Left Ventricular Wall Segments
- M-Mode Examination
- Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Transesophageal Echocardiographic Views
- Echocardiography as a Screening Test
- Training in Echocardiography
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 6 Evaluation of Systolic Function of the Left Ventricle
- General Principles
- Linear Measurements
- Two-dimensional Measurements
- Regional Left Ventricular Function
- Doppler Evaluation of Global Left Ventricular Function
- Conclusion
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 7 Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
- Normal Diastolic Function
- Stages of Diastolic Dysfunction
- Echo-Doppler Parameters of Diastolic Function
- A Comprehensive Approach to Diastolic Dysfunction
- Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressures
- Stress Testing to Assess Diastolic Function
- The Differential Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction
- Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Specific Patient Groups
- Prognosis in Patients with Diastolic Dysfunction
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 8 Left and Right Atrium, and Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Atrial Septum
- Pulmonary Veins
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Hemodynamics
- Use of M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Quantifying Blood Flow
- Clinical Application of Blood Flow Measurement
- Measuring Pressure Gradients
- Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
- Determining Pressure Half-Time
- The Continuity Equation
- Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area
Abbreviated Table of Contents